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From the Department of Neurology (M.P.A., B.G., V.Z., E.P.), University of Florence; MS Centre (A.G., M.R.), Hospital of Gallarate; Neurological Unit (S.L.), Meyer Hospital, Florence; Department of Neurology (L.M., M.F., G.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan; Department of Neurology (M.F.D.C., M.L., M.T.), University of Bari; Department of Neurology (F.P., R.V.), University of Catania; and Department of Neurological Sciences (C.P., V.B.), "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Maria Pia Amato, Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy mariapia.amato{at}unifi.it
Objective: To assess the impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) on cognitive and psychosocial functioning in childhood and juvenile cases.
Methods: We used an extensive neuropsychological battery assessing IQ, memory, attention/concentration, executive functions, and language. Fatigue and depression were also measured. An interview on school and daily living activities was obtained from the parents. Performance of cases was compared with that of demographically matched healthy controls.
Results: Sixty-three patients and 57 healthy controls were assessed. Five patients (8%) exhibited a particularly low IQ (<70). Criteria for cognitive impairment (failure on at least three tests) were fulfilled in 19 patients (31%), whereas 32 patients (53%) failed at least two tests. Beyond deficits in memory, complex attention, and executive functions, the profile of deficits was characterized by involvement of linguistic abilities. In the regression analysis, the only significant predictor of cognitive impairment was an IQ score lower than 90 (odds ratio [OR] 18.2, 95% CI 4.6–71.7, p < 0.001). Considering the IQ score as a dependent variable, the only significant predictor was represented by younger age at onset (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9, p = 0.009). Depressive symptoms were reported by 6% of the cases, and fatigue was reported by 73% of the cases. MS negatively affected school and everyday activities in 56% of the subjects.
Conclusions: In childhood and juvenile cases, multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with cognitive impairment and low IQ scores, the latter related to younger age at onset. These aspects are of critical importance in helping children and adolescents with MS to manage their difficulties and psychosocial challenges.
Abbreviations: BRB = Brief Repeatable Battery; CDI = Children’s Depression Inventory; EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale; FSS = Fatigue Severity Scale; HC = healthy control; IPT = Indication of Pictures Test; MCST cat = Modified Card Sorting Test completed corrected categories; MCST nonpers = Modified Card Sorting Test nonperseverative errors; MCST pers = Modified Card Sorting Test perseverative errors; MS = multiple sclerosis; NS = not significant; ODT = Oral Denomination Test; OR = odds ratio; PCT = Phrase Comprehension Test; PVFT = Phonemic Verbal Fluency Test; SDMT = Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SPART = 10/36 Spatial Recall Test; SPART-D = 10/36 Spatial Recall Test–Delayed; SRT-CLTR = Selective Reminding Test–Consistent Long-Term Retrieval; SRT-D = Selective Reminding Test–Delayed; SRT-LTS = Selective Reminding Test–Long-Term Storage; SVFT = Semantic Verbal Fluency Test; TMT-A and B = Trail Making Tests A and B.
Disclosure: Supported in part by a grant from Biogen-Dompè.
Received November 6, 2007. Accepted in final form February 13, 2008.
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