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From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (Drs. Lopez, Becker, and DeKosky), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology (Dr. Kuller), University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PA, University of California at Berkeley (W.J. Jagust), Department of Biostatistics (Dr. Fitzpatrick), University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (Dr. Breitner), Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, Department of Psychiatry (Dr. Lyketsos), Johns Hopkins University, and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (Dr. Carlson), Baltimore, MD, and Department of Neurology (Dr. Kawas), University of California, Irvine.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr Lopez, 3501 Forbes Ave., Oxford Bldg., Suite 830, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; e-mail: lopezol{at}msx.upmc.edu
Objective: To describe the diagnostic classification of subjects with incident vascular dementia (VaD) participating in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Cognition Study.
Methods: The CHS classified 480 incident cases between 1994 and 1999 among 3,608 CHS participants who had brain MRI in 1992 through 1994 and in 1997 through 1998. The patients were diagnosed before and after reviewing the brain MRI.
Results: The pre-MRI classification showed that 52 participants had VaD and 76 had both Alzheimer disease (AD) and VaD. The post-MRI classification showed that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria classified 61 subjects as having VaD, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) criteria classified 43 subjects as having probable VaD and 10 as possible VaD, and the State of California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center (ADDTC) criteria classified 117 as having probable VaD and 96 as possible. The combination of the ADDTC and National Institute of Neurological and Communication Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria was used to examine the spectrum of vascular disease in dementia. The dementia was attributable to only vascular factors in 56 cases (probable VaD); VaD coexisted with AD in 61 cases, although the VaD component was the leading cause of dementia (probable VaD with AD); AD was the leading cause of dementia in 61 cases (possible VaD and probable AD); and in 29 cases, it was not clear that either AD or VaD was the primary diagnosis (possible AD and possible VaD).
Conclusions: None of the clinical criteria for VaD identified the same group of subjects. The diagnosis of vascular dementia is difficult in epidemiologic studies because poststroke dementia can be due to Alzheimer disease (AD) and evidence of vascular disease can be found in the MRI of dementia cases without clinical strokes. Whether the clinical progression is related to AD pathology or vascular disease is difficult to establish.
See also page 1548
Additional material related to this article can be found on the Neurology Web site. Go to www.neurology.org and scroll down the Table of Contents for the May 10 issue to find the title link for this article.
Supported by contracts N01-HC-85079 through N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, and N01-HC-15103 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and grants AG15928 and AG20098 from the National Institute on Aging. J.T.B. was supported by a Research Scientist Development Award (level II; MH07033).
Received September 1, 2004. Accepted in final form January 28, 2005.
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Neurology 2005 64: 1548-1552.
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