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From the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (Drs. Louis, Tang, and Mayeux), Departments of Neurology (Drs. Louis and Mayeux), Medicine (Dr. Luchsinger), Biostatistics (Drs. Tang and Mayeux), and Psychiatry (Dr. Mayeux), and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain (Drs. Louis and Mayeux), Columbia University, New York, NY.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. E.D. Louis, Unit 198, Neurological Institute, 710 W. 168 St., New York, NY 10032; e-mail: EDL2{at}columbia.edu
Background: Cigarette smoking and coffee consumption may reduce the risk of PD. Parkinsonian signs (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia) occur in 30 to 40% of the elderly.
Objective: To determine whether there was an association between cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, and parkinsonian signs in a community population of older people.
Methods: Data on smoking were collected and a neurologic examination performed on 1,339 residents 
65 years of age in the Washington Heights–Inwood community in northern Manhattan, NY. Parkinsonian signs were rated with an abbreviated Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, resulting in a parkinsonian sign score. Coffee consumption was assessed with a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and caffeine consumption was determined. Analyses were cross-sectional.
Results: Mean age was 76.6 years. Parkinsonian signs were present in 537 (40.1%). The odds for presence of parkinsonian signs was lower in smokers than nonsmokers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.73). Smokers had a lower mean parkinsonian sign score than nonsmokers (p < 0.001). Coffee drinking and caffeine consumption were not associated with the presence of parkinsonian signs. The odds for presence of parkinsonian signs remained lower in smokers (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.99) after adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, years of education, adjusted daily caffeine consumption, and dementia.
Conclusion: The reduced risk of parkinsonian signs in cigarette smokers could reflect a protective effect of smoking on age-related parkinsonian signs in the elderly or an aversion to smoking in elderly persons with mild parkinsonism.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  E. D. Louis, A. M. Brickman, C. DeCarli, S. A. Small, K. Marder, N. Schupf, and T. R. Brown Quantitative Brain Measurements in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons With Mild Parkinsonian Signs Arch Neurol, December 1, 2008; 65(12): 1649 - 1654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Guerreiro, D. Toulorge, E. Hirsch, M. Marien, P. Sokoloff, and P. P. Michel Paraxanthine, the Primary Metabolite of Caffeine, Provides Protection against Dopaminergic Cell Death via Stimulation of Ryanodine Receptor Channels Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2008; 74(4): 980 - 989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. D. Louis, N. Schupf, M. X. Tang, K. Marder, and J. A. Luchsinger Mild Parkinsonian Signs and Plasma Homocysteine Concentration in Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals Arch Neurol, November 1, 2007; 64(11): 1646 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. B. Hancock, E. R. Martin, J. M. Stajich, R. Jewett, M. A. Stacy, B. L. Scott, J. M. Vance, and W. K. Scott Smoking, Caffeine, and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Families With Parkinson Disease Arch Neurol, April 1, 2007; 64(4): 576 - 580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. D. Louis and J. A. Luchsinger History of vascular disease and mild parkinsonian signs in community-dwelling elderly individuals. Arch Neurol, May 1, 2006; 63(5): 717 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. D. Louis, N. Schupf, J. Manly, K. Marder, M. X. Tang, and R. Mayeux Association between mild parkinsonian signs and mild cognitive impairment in a community Neurology, April 12, 2005; 64(7): 1157 - 1161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. D. Louis, M. X. Tang, N. Schupf, and R. Mayeux Functional Correlates and Prevalence of Mild Parkinsonian Signs in a Community Population of Older People Arch Neurol, February 1, 2005; 62(2): 297 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Arvanitakis, R. S. Wilson, J. A. Schneider, J. L. Bienias, D. A. Evans, and D. A. Bennett Diabetes mellitus and progression of rigidity and gait disturbance in older persons Neurology, September 28, 2004; 63(6): 996 - 1001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. D. Louis, M. X. Tang, and R. Mayeux Parkinsonian Signs in Older People in a Community-Based Study: Risk of Incident Dementia Arch Neurol, August 1, 2004; 61(8): 1273 - 1276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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