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From the Department of Neuroscience (Drs. E. Courchesne, Carper, Pierce, and Haas), School of Medicine, and Department of Psychology (Dr. Schreibman), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Laboratory for Research on the Neuroscience of Autism (Drs. E. Courchesne, Carper, Moses, Pierce, Pizzo, and Akshoomoff, and C.M. Karns, H.R. Davis, R. Ziccardi, Z.D. Tigue, H.J. Chisum, and R.Y. Courchesne), Children’s Hospital Research Center, San Diego, CA; Department of Psychiatry (Dr. Lord), The University of Chicago, IL; and California School for Professional Psychology (Dr. Lincoln), San Diego.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Eric Courchesne, Laboratory for Research on the Neuroscience of Autism, 8110 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037; e-mail: ecourchesne{at}ucsd.edu
OBJECTIVE: To quantify developmental abnormalities in cerebral and cerebellar volume in autism.
METHODS: The authors studied 60 autistic and 52 normal boys (age, 2 to 16 years) using MRI. Thirty autistic boys were diagnosed and scanned when 5 years or older. The other 30 were scanned when 2 through 4 years of age and then diagnosed with autism at least 2.5 years later, at an age when the diagnosis of autism is more reliable.
RESULTS: Neonatal head circumferences from clinical records were available for 14 of 15 autistic 2- to 5-year-olds and, on average, were normal (35.1 ± 1.3 cm versus clinical norms: 34.6 ± 1.6 cm), indicative of normal overall brain volume at birth; one measure was above the 95th percentile. By ages 2 to 4 years, 90% of autistic boys had a brain volume larger than normal average, and 37% met criteria for developmental macrencephaly. Autistic 2- to 3-year-olds had more cerebral (18%) and cerebellar (39%) white matter, and more cerebral cortical gray matter (12%) than normal, whereas older autistic children and adolescents did not have such enlarged gray and white matter volumes. In the cerebellum, autistic boys had less gray matter, smaller ratio of gray to white matter, and smaller vermis lobules VI–VII than normal controls.
CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal regulation of brain growth in autism results in early overgrowth followed by abnormally slowed growth. Hyperplasia was present in cerebral gray matter and cerebral and cerebellar white matter in early life in patients with autism.
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