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From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. A.M. Buchan, Foothills Medical Centre, Rm. 1162, 1403 29 St. NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2M 2T9; e-mail: buchan{at}ucalgary.ca
BACKGROUND: Thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke (<3 hours) will not have a major impact on death and dependency unless it is accessible to more patients.
OBJECTIVE: To determine why patients with ischemic stroke did not receive IV TPA and assess the availability of this therapy to patients with ischemic stroke.
METHODS: Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke were prospectively identified at a university teaching hospital between October 1996 and December 1999. Additional patients with ischemic stroke were identified that were admitted to one of three other hospitals in the Calgary region during the study period. The Oxford Community Stroke Programme Classification was used to record type and side of stroke.
RESULTS: Of 2165 stroke patients presenting to the university hospital, 1168 (53.9%) were diagnosed with ischemic stroke, 31.8% with intracranial hemorrhage (intracerebral, subarachnoid, or subdural), and 13.9% with TIA. Delay in presentation to emergency department beyond 3 hours excluded 73.1% (854/1168). Major reasons for delay included uncertain time of onset (24.2%), patients waited to see if symptoms would improve (29%), delay caused by transfer from an outlying hospital (8.9%), and inaccessibility of treating hospital (5.7%). Twenty-seven percent of patients with ischemic stroke (314/1168) were admitted within 3 hours of sympton onset and of these 84 (26.7%) patients received IV TPA. The major reasons for exclusion in this group of patients (<3 hours) were mild stroke (13.1%), clinical improvement (18.2%), perceived protocol exclusions (13.6%), emergency department referral delay (8.9%), and significant comorbidity (8.3%). Of those patients who were considered too mild or were documented to have had significant improvement, 32% either remained dependent at hospital discharge or died during hospital admission. Throughout the region there was a total of 1806 ischemic stroke patients (admitted to all four Calgary hospitals). During this study period, 4.7% received IV TPA.
CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients are unable to receive TPA for acute ischemic stroke because they do no not reach the hospital soon enough. Of those patients presenting within 3 hours, 27% received the therapy but a further 31% were excluded because their symptoms were either considered too mild or were rapidly improving. Subsequently, a third of these patients were left either dependent or dead, bringing into question the initial decision not to treat.
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J. Rother, P.D. Schellinger, A. Gass, M. Siebler, A. Villringer, J.B. Fiebach, J. Fiehler, O. Jansen, T. Kucinski, V. Schoder, et al. Effect of Intravenous Thrombolysis on MRI Parameters and Functional Outcome in Acute Stroke <6 Hours Stroke, October 1, 2002; 33(10): 2438 - 2445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Gladstone, S. E. Black, and A. M. Hakim Toward Wisdom From Failure: Lessons From Neuroprotective Stroke Trials and New Therapeutic Directions Stroke, August 1, 2002; 33(8): 2123 - 2136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. N. Fink, M. H. Selim, S. Kumar, B. Silver, I. Linfante, L. R. Caplan, and G. Schlaug Is the Association of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Scores and Acute Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stroke Volume Equal for Patients With Right- and Left-Hemisphere Ischemic Stroke? Stroke, April 1, 2002; 33(4): 954 - 958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. N. Fink, M. H. Selim, S. Kumar, G. Schlaug, and A. M. Buchan Why are stroke patients excluded from tPA therapy? An analysis of patient eligibility Neurology, November 13, 2001; 57(9): 1739 - 1740. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Chalela, I. Katzan, D. S. Liebeskind, P. Rasmussen, O. Zaidat, J. I. Suarez, D. Chiu, R. P. Klucznick, E. Jauch, B. L. Cucchiara, et al. Safety of Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis in the Postoperative Period Editorial Comment : Safety of Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis in the Postoperative Period Stroke, June 1, 2001; 32(6): 1365 - 1369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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