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NEUROLOGY 1992;42:1743
© 1992 American Academy of Neurology

Anatomic basis of amygdaloid and hippocampal volume measurement by magnetic resonance imaging

C. Watson, MD, PhD, F. Andermann, MD, FRCP(C), P. Gloor, MD, PhD, M. Jones-Gotman, PhD, T. Peters, PhD, A. Evans, PhD, A. Olivier, MD, PhD, FRCS(C), D. Melanson, MD and G. Leroux, RT

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, and the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, PQ, Canada.

Both the amygdala and the hippocampus are involved in the pathogenesis of a number of neurologic conditions, including temporal lobe epilepsy, postanoxic amnesia, and Alzheimer's disease. To enhance the investigation and management of patients with these disorders, we developed a protocol to measure the volumes of the amygdala and as much of the hippocampus as possible (approximately 90 to 95%) using high-resolution MRI. We present the anatomic basis of these two protocols and our results in normal control subjects. These volumetric studies of the amygdala may clarify the role of this structure in the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Supported in part by grants MT-10314 awarded to M. Jones-Gotman and R. Zatorre and MA-10160 awarded to A. Evans and T. Peters by the Medical Research Council of Canada. Dr. Watson was supported by a Clinical Fellowship from Sutter Community Hospitals, Sacramento, CA.

Address correspondence to Dr. Frederick Andermann, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, PQ, Canada H3A 2B4.

Received September 18, 1991. Accepted for publication in final form February 7, 1992.




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J. S. Krasuski, G. E. Alexander, B. Horwitz, S. I. Rapoport, and M. B. Schapiro
Relation of Medial Temporal Lobe Volumes to Age and Memory Function in Nondemented Adults With Down's Syndrome: Implications for the Prodromal Phase of Alzheimer's Disease
Am J Psychiatry, January 1, 2002; 159(1): 74 - 81.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BrainHome page
L. Tebartz van Elst, D. Baeumer, L. Lemieux, F. G. Woermann, M. Koepp, S. Krishnamoorthy, P. J. Thompson, D. Ebert, and M. R. Trimble
Amygdala pathology in psychosis of epilepsy: A magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Brain, January 1, 2002; 125(1): 140 - 149.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
R. C. Knowlton, K. D. Laxer, G. Klein, S. Sawrie, G. Ende, R. A. Hawkins, O. S. Aassar, K. Soohoo, S. Wong, and N. Barbaro
In vivo hippocampal glucose metabolism in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Neurology, October 9, 2001; 57(7): 1184 - 1190.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
A T Du, N Schuff, D Amend, M P Laakso, Y Y Hsu, W J Jagust, K Yaffe, J H Kramer, B Reed, D Norman, et al.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 2001; 71(4): 441 - 447.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BrainHome page
K. Pierce, R.-A. Muller, J. Ambrose, G. Allen, and E. Courchesne
Face processing occurs outside the fusiform `face area' in autism: evidence from functional MRI
Brain, October 1, 2001; 124(10): 2059 - 2073.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Neuroradiol.Home page
C. A. Szabo, J. Xiong, J. L. Lancaster, L. Rainey, and P. Fox
Amygdalar and Hippocampal Volumetry in Control Participants: Differences Regarding Handedness
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., August 1, 2001; 22(7): 1342 - 1345.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
D. Fuerst, J. Shah, W.J. Kupsky, R. Johnson, A. Shah, B. Hayman-Abello, T. Ergh, Q. Poore, A. Canady, and C. Watson
Volumetric MRI, pathological, and neuropsychological progression in hippocampal sclerosis
Neurology, July 24, 2001; 57(2): 184 - 188.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
A Colchester, D Kingsley, D Lasserson, B Kendall, F Bello, C Rush, T G Stevens, G Goodman, G Heilpern, N Stanhope, et al.
Structural MRI volumetric analysis in patients with organic amnesia, 1: methods and comparative findings across diagnostic groups
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, July 1, 2001; 71(1): 13 - 22.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
S. Bothwell, G. E. Meredith, J. Phillips, H. Staunton, C. Doherty, E. Grigorenko, S. Glazier, S. A. Deadwyler, C. A. O'Donovan, and M. Farrell
Neuronal Hypertrophy in the Neocortex of Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
J. Neurosci., July 1, 2001; 21(13): 4789 - 4800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Br. J. Radiol.Home page
N B Wright
Imaging in epilepsy: a paediatric perspective
Br. J. Radiol., July 1, 2001; 74(883): 575 - 589.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
A. Mohamed, E. Wyllie, P. Ruggieri, P. Kotagal, T. Babb, A. Hilbig, C. Wylie, Z. Ying, S. Staugaitis, I. Najm, et al.
Temporal lobe epilepsy due to hippocampal sclerosis in pediatric candidates for epilepsy surgery
Neurology, June 26, 2001; 56(12): 1643 - 1649.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
N. Bernasconi, A. Bernasconi, Z. Caramanos, F. Dubeau, J. Richardson, F. Andermann, and D.L. Arnold
Entorhinal cortex atrophy in epilepsy patients exhibiting normal hippocampal volumes
Neurology, May 22, 2001; 56(10): 1335 - 1339.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
G. Fein, V. Di Sclafani, J. Tanabe, V. Cardenas, M. W. Weiner, W. J. Jagust, B. R. Reed, D. Norman, N. Schuff, L. Kusdra, et al.
Hippocampal and cortical atrophy predict dementia in subcortical ischemic vascular disease
Neurology, December 12, 2000; 55(11): 1626 - 1635.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
M. Driessen, J. Herrmann, K. Stahl, M. Zwaan, S. Meier, A. Hill, M. Osterheider, and D. Petersen
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volumes of the Hippocampus and the Amygdala in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder and Early Traumatization
Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2000; 57(12): 1115 - 1122.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Neuroradiol.Home page
L. M. Li, S. Narayanan, G. B. Pike, F. Andermann, F. Dubeau, and D. L. Arnold
Magnetization Transfer Ratio Is Unable to Lateralize Epileptic Foci in Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., November 1, 2000; 21(10): 1853 - 1856.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
C. Juhasz, D. C. Chugani, O. Muzik, C. Watson, J. Shah, A. Shah, and H. T. Chugani
Electroclinical correlates of flumazenil and fluorodeoxyglucose PET abnormalities in lesional epilepsy
Neurology, September 26, 2000; 55(6): 825 - 835.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 RadiologyHome page
R. E. Hogan, K. E. Mark, L. Wang, S. Joshi, M. I. Miller, and R. D. Bucholz
Mesial Temporal Sclerosis and Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: MR Imaging Deformation-based Segmentation of the Hippocampus in Five Patients
Radiology, July 1, 2000; 216(1): 291 - 297.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Cereb CortexHome page
J.C. Pruessner, L.M. Li, W. Serles, M. Pruessner, D.L. Collins, N. Kabani, S. Lupien, and A.C. Evans
Volumetry of Hippocampus and Amygdala with High-resolution MRI and Three-dimensional Analysis Software: Minimizing the Discrepancies between Laboratories
Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2000; 10(4): 433 - 442.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Arch NeurolHome page
F. Cendes, L. M. Li, C. Watson, F. Andermann, F. Dubeau, and D. L. Arnold
Is Ictal Recording Mandatory in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy?: Not When the Interictal Electroencephalogram and Hippocampal Atrophy Coincide
Arch Neurol, April 1, 2000; 57(4): 497 - 500.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BrainHome page
L. T. van Elst, F. G. Woermann, L. Lemieux, P. J. Thompson, and M. R. Trimble
Affective aggression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: A quantitative MRI study of the amygdala
Brain, February 1, 2000; 123(2): 234 - 243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
C. Juhasz, F. Nagy, C. Watson, E. A. da Silva, O. Muzik, D. C. Chugani, J. Shah, and H. T. Chugani
Glucose and [11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography abnormalities of thalamic nuclei in temporal lobe epilepsy
Neurology, December 1, 1999; 53(9): 2037 - 2037.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
N. Bernasconi, A. Bernasconi, F. Andermann, F. Dubeau, W. Feindel, and D. C. Reutens
Entorhinal cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy: A quantitative MRI study
Neurology, June 1, 1999; 52(9): 1870 - 1870.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Am. J. Neuroradiol.Home page
H. Utsunomiya, K. Takano, M. Okazaki, and A. Mitsudome
Development of the Temporal Lobe in Infants and Children: Analysis by MR-Based Volumetry
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 1999; 20(4): 717 - 723.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Am. J. Neuroradiol.Home page
Q. Mu, J. Xie, Z. Wen, Y. Weng, and Z. Shuyun
A Quantitative MR Study of the Hippocampal Formation, the Amygdala, and the Temporal Horn of the Lateral Ventricle in Healthy Subjects 40 to 90 Years of Age
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., February 1, 1999; 20(2): 207 - 211.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 NeurologyHome page
R. Kuzniecky, S. S. Ho, R. Martin, E. Faught, R. Morawetz, C. Palmer, and F. Gilliam
Temporal lobe developmental malformations and hippocampal sclerosis: Epilepsy surgical outcome
Neurology, February 1, 1999; 52(3): 479 - 479.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
F. G Woermann, G. J Barker, K. D Birnie, H. J Meencke, and J. S Duncan
Regional changes in hippocampal T2 relaxation and volume: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal sclerosis
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, November 1, 1998; 65(5): 656 - 664.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 NeurologyHome page
Y. Ouchi, S. Nobezawa, H. Okada, E. Yoshikawa, M. Futatsubashi, and M. Kaneko
Altered glucose metabolism in the hippocampal head in memory impairment
Neurology, July 1, 1998; 51(1): 136 - 142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Arch NeurolHome page
C. Watson, C. R. Jack Jr, and F. Cendes
Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Applications and Contributions to the Understanding of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Arch Neurol, December 1, 1997; 54(12): 1521 - 1531.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
E. Mori, Y. Yoneda, H. Yamashita, N. Hirono, M. Ikeda, and A. Yamadori
Medial temporal structures relate to memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: an MRI volumetric study
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, August 1, 1997; 63(2): 214 - 221.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch NeurolHome page
C. Watson, F. Cendes, D. Fuerst, F. Dubeau, B. Williamson, A. Evans, and F. Andermann
Specificity of Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Detecting Hippocampal Sclerosis
Arch Neurol, January 1, 1997; 54(1): 67 - 73.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
D. G. M. Murphy, C. DeCarli, A. R. Mclntosh, E. Daly, M. J. Mentis, P. Pietrini, J. Szczepanik, M. B. Schapiro, C. L. Grady, B. Horwitz, et al.
Sex Differences in Human Brain Morphometry and Metabolism: An In Vivo Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography Study on the Effect of Aging
Arch Gen Psychiatry, July 1, 1996; 53(7): 585 - 594.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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