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Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (Drs. Chui and Victoroff)
Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, Downey, CA (Drs. Chui and Victoroff)
Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, Central San Joaquin Valley Medical Education Program, Fresno, CA (Dr. Margolin)
Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA (Dr. Jagust)
Department of Neurology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA (Dr. Shankle)
Department of Neuroscience, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA (Dr. Katzman).
Accurate diagnosis of vascular dementia is important for the recognition of underlying pathophysiology and the institution of appropriate therapy. It is also important for the determination of the incidence and prevalence of not only vascular dementia but also Alzheimer's disease (AD), since differentiating between these two entities is often problematic. The State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers (ADDTC) herein propose criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia (IVD). These criteria broaden the conceptualization of vascular dementia, include the results of neuroimaging studies, emphasize the importance of neuropathologic confirmation, refine nosology, and identify areas that require further research. Parallel use of the proposed definitions of "possible" and "mixed" categories in the diagnosis of both AD and IVD would ensure compatibility between the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS) criteria for AD and the ADDTC criteria for IVD. Uniform classification of subtypes of IVD will improve the generalizability of individual studies and aid in multicenter collaborations.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Helena Chang Chui, Geriatric Neurobehavior and Alzheimer Center, Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center, 12838 Erickson Street, Downey, CA 90242.
Supported by the State of California Department of Health Services, the National Institute on Aging (1P50-AG05142, RO1 AG07624), and the Department of Veterans Affairs Research and Development Service.
All authors are members of the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers Research Consortium.
Received April 23, 1991. Accepted for publication in final form August 21, 1991.
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N. Schuff, A.A. Capizzano, A.T. Du, D.L. Amend, J. O'Neill, D. Norman, W.J. Jagust, H.C. Chui, J.H. Kramer, B.R. Reed, et al. Different patterns of N-acetylaspartate loss in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia and AD Neurology, August 12, 2003; 61(3): 358 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Verghese, R. B. Lipton, M. J. Katz, C. B. Hall, C. A. Derby, G. Kuslansky, A. F. Ambrose, M. Sliwinski, and H. Buschke Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly N. Engl. J. Med., June 19, 2003; 348(25): 2508 - 2516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. R. Porter, W. G. Buxton, L. A. Fairbanks, T. Strickland, S. M. O'Connor, S. Rosenberg-Thompson, and J. L. Cummings Frequency and Characteristics of Anxiety Among Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, May 1, 2003; 15(2): 180 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Knopman, J. E. Parisi, B. F. Boeve, R. H. Cha, H. Apaydin, A. Salviati, S. D. Edland, and W. A. Rocca Vascular Dementia in a Population-Based Autopsy Study Arch Neurol, April 1, 2003; 60(4): 569 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. J. Mukamal, L. H. Kuller, A. L. Fitzpatrick, W. T. Longstreth Jr, M. A. Mittleman, and D. S. Siscovick Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia in Older Adults JAMA, March 19, 2003; 289(11): 1405 - 1413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. H.T. Karlawish and C. M. Clark Diagnostic Evaluation of Elderly Patients with Mild Memory Problems Ann Intern Med, March 4, 2003; 138(5): 411 - 419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Verghese, R. B. Lipton, C. B. Hall, G. Kuslansky, M. J. Katz, and H. Buschke Abnormality of Gait as a Predictor of Non-Alzheimer's Dementia N. Engl. J. Med., November 28, 2002; 347(22): 1761 - 1768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Lamar, M. R. Lasarev, and D. J. Libon Determining Levels of Unawareness in Dementia Research J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, November 1, 2002; 14(4): 430 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Freels, D. L. Nyenhuis, and P. B. Gorelick Predictors of survival in African American patients with AD, VaD, or stroke without dementia Neurology, October 22, 2002; 59(8): 1146 - 1153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Knopman, W. A. Rocca, R. H. Cha, S. D. Edland, and E. Kokmen Incidence of Vascular Dementia in Rochester, Minn, 1985-1989 Arch Neurol, October 1, 2002; 59(10): 1605 - 1610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Mungas, B. R. Reed, W. J. Jagust, C. DeCarli, W. J. Mack, J. H. Kramer, M. W. Weiner, N. Schuff, and H. C. Chui Volumetric MRI predicts rate of cognitive decline related to AD and cerebrovascular disease Neurology, September 24, 2002; 59(6): 867 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Jefferson, S. A. Cosentino, S. K. Ball, B. Bogdanoff, N. Leopold, E. Kaplan, and D. J. Libon Errors Produced on the Mini-Mental State Examination and Neuropsychological Test Performance in Alzheimer's Disease, Ischemic Vascular Dementia, and Parkinson's Disease J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, August 1, 2002; 14(3): 311 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Meyer, G. Xu, J. Thornby, M. H. Chowdhury, and M. Quach Is Mild Cognitive Impairment Prodromal for Vascular Dementia Like Alzheimer's Disease? Stroke, August 1, 2002; 33(8): 1981 - 1985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Meguro, H. Ishii, S. Yamaguchi, J. Ishizaki, M. Shimada, M. Sato, R. Hashimoto, Y. Shimada, M. Meguro, A. Yamadori, et al. Prevalence of Dementia and Dementing Diseases in Japan: The Tajiri Project Arch Neurol, July 1, 2002; 59(7): 1109 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Pfeifer, L. R. White, G. W. Ross, H. Petrovitch, and L. J. Launer Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive function: The HAAS autopsy study Neurology, June 11, 2002; 58(11): 1629 - 1634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. T. Du, N. Schuff, M. P. Laakso, X. P. Zhu, W. J. Jagust, K. Yaffe, J. H. Kramer, B. L. Miller, B. R. Reed, D. Norman, et al. Effects of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia and AD on entorhinal cortex and hippocampus Neurology, June 11, 2002; 58(11): 1635 - 1641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Peila, B. L. Rodriguez, and L. J. Launer Type 2 Diabetes, APOE Gene, and the Risk for Dementia and Related Pathologies: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 1256 - 1262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Nyenhuis, P. B. Gorelick, S. Freels, and D. C. Garron Cognitive and functional decline in African Americans with VaD, AD, and stroke without dementia Neurology, January 8, 2002; 58(1): 56 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Mungas, W. J. Jagust, B. R. Reed, J. H. Kramer, M. W. Weiner, N. Schuff, D. Norman, W. J. Mack, L. Willis, and H. C. Chui MRI predictors of cognition in subcortical ischemic vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease Neurology, December 26, 2001; 57(12): 2229 - 2235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Ikeda, K. Hokoishi, N. Maki, A. Nebu, N. Tachibana, K. Komori, K. Shigenobu, R. Fukuhara, and H. Tanabe Increased prevalence of vascular dementia in Japan: A community-based epidemiological study Neurology, September 11, 2001; 57(5): 839 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-Y. Hsu, A.-T. Du, N. Schuff, and M. W. Weiner Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Dementias J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol, September 1, 2001; 14(3): 145 - 166. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. Mungas, B. R. Reed, W. G. Ellis, and W. J. Jagust The Effects of Age on Rate of Progression of Alzheimer Disease and Dementia With Associated Cerebrovascular Disease Arch Neurol, August 1, 2001; 58(8): 1243 - 1247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Petrovitch, L.R. White, G.W. Ross, S.C. Steinhorn, C.Y. Li, K.H. Masaki, D.G. Davis, J. Nelson, J. Hardman, J.D. Curb, et al. Accuracy of clinical criteria for AD in the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, a population-based study Neurology, July 24, 2001; 57(2): 226 - 234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Knopman, S. T. DeKosky, J. L. Cummings, H. Chui, J. Corey-Bloom, N. Relkin, G. W. Small, B. Miller, and J. C. Stevens Practice parameter: Diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology, May 8, 2001; 56(9): 1143 - 1153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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