|
|
||||||||
Children's Neurology Service (Dr. Bauman), Massachusetts General Hospital; and the Neurology and Neuropathology Services (Dr. Kemper). Boston City Hospital, Boston, MA.
Early infantile autism is a behaviorally defined syndrome that is often associated with abnormalities on neurologic examination and seizures. We report on the brain of a 29-year-old autistic man as compared with that of an age- and sex-matched normal control, using gapless sections of whole brain. Abnormalities were found in the hippocampus, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, septal nuclei, mamillary body, selected nuclei of the amygdala, neocerebellar cortex, roof nuclei of the cerebellum, and inferior olivary nucleus.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Bauman, Department of Neurology, Boston City Hospital, 818 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118.
Supported in part by a gift from Dr. Norman Geschwind, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA.
Presented in part at the thirty-sixth annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Boston, MA, April 1984.
Accepted for publication October 14, 1984.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
M. W. Mosconi, H. Cody-Hazlett, M. D. Poe, G. Gerig, R. Gimpel-Smith, and J. Piven Longitudinal Study of Amygdala Volume and Joint Attention in 2- to 4-Year-Old Children With Autism Arch Gen Psychiatry, May 1, 2009; 66(5): 509 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. Hadjikhani, R. M. Joseph, D. S. Manoach, P. Naik, J. Snyder, K. Dominick, R. Hoge, J. Van den Stock, H. T. Flusberg, and B. de Gelder Body expressions of emotion do not trigger fear contagion in autism spectrum disorder Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, March 1, 2009; 4(1): 70 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Gabis, Wei Huang, A. Azizian, C. DeVincent, A. Tudorica, Y. Kesner-Baruch, P. Roche, and J. Pomeroy 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Markers of Cognitive and Language Ability in Clinical Subtypes of Autism Spectrum Disorders J Child Neurol, July 1, 2008; 23(7): 766 - 774. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. A. J. van Kooten, S. J. M. C. Palmen, P. von Cappeln, H. W. M. Steinbusch, H. Korr, H. Heinsen, P. R. Hof, H. van Engeland, and C. Schmitz Neurons in the fusiform gyrus are fewer and smaller in autism Brain, April 1, 2008; 131(4): 987 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Limperopoulos and A. J. du Plessis Injury to the Developing Cerebellum: Mechanisms and Consequences NeoReviews, October 1, 2007; 8(10): e409 - e417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Limperopoulos, H. Bassan, K. Gauvreau, R. L. Robertson Jr, N. R. Sullivan, C. B. Benson, L. Avery, J. Stewart, J. S. S. MD, S. A. Ringer, et al. Does Cerebellar Injury in Premature Infants Contribute to the High Prevalence of Long-term Cognitive, Learning, and Behavioral Disability in Survivors? Pediatrics, September 1, 2007; 120(3): 584 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. G. Chez, Q. Burton, T. Dowling, M. Chang, P. Khanna, and C. Kramer Memantine as Adjunctive Therapy in Children Diagnosed With Autistic Spectrum Disorders: An Observation of Initial Clinical Response and Maintenance Tolerability J Child Neurol, May 1, 2007; 22(5): 574 - 579. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.R. Dager, L. Wang, S.D. Friedman, D.W. Shaw, J.N. Constantino, A.A. Artru, G. Dawson, and J.G. Csernansky Shape Mapping of the Hippocampus in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., April 1, 2007; 28(4): 672 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Sadakata, W. Kakegawa, A. Mizoguchi, M. Washida, R. Katoh-Semba, F. Shutoh, T. Okamoto, H. Nakashima, K. Kimura, M. Tanaka, et al. Impaired Cerebellar Development and Function in Mice Lacking CAPS2, a Protein Involved in Neurotrophin Release J. Neurosci., March 7, 2007; 27(10): 2472 - 2482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Tager-Flusberg, D. P. Skwerer, and R. M. Joseph Model syndromes for investigating social cognitive and affective neuroscience: a comparison of autism and Williams syndrome Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci, December 1, 2006; 1(3): 175 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. M. Nacewicz, K. M. Dalton, T. Johnstone, M. T. Long, E. M. McAuliff, T. R. Oakes, A. L. Alexander, and R. J. Davidson Amygdala Volume and Nonverbal Social Impairment in Adolescent and Adult Males With Autism Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2006; 63(12): 1417 - 1428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. F. Casanova Neuropathological and Genetic Findings in Autism: The Significance of a Putative Minicolumnopathy Neuroscientist, October 1, 2006; 12(5): 435 - 441. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. M. Schumann and D. G. Amaral Stereological analysis of amygdala neuron number in autism. J. Neurosci., July 19, 2006; 26(29): 7674 - 7679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Korkmaz, G. Benbir, and V. Demirbilek Migration Abnormality in the Left Cingulate Gyrus Presenting With Autistic Disorder J Child Neurol, July 1, 2006; 21(7): 600 - 604. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Munson, G. Dawson, R. Abbott, S. Faja, S. J. Webb, S. D. Friedman, D. Shaw, A. Artru, and S. R. Dager Amygdalar Volume and Behavioral Development in Autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry, June 1, 2006; 63(6): 686 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. C. Hazlett, M. Poe, G. Gerig, R. G. Smith, J. Provenzale, A. Ross, J. Gilmore, and J. Piven Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Head Circumference Study of Brain Size in Autism: Birth Through Age 2 Years Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2005; 62(12): 1366 - 1376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. R. Herbert Large Brains in Autism: The Challenge of Pervasive Abnormality Neuroscientist, October 1, 2005; 11(5): 417 - 440. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. J. van Harskamp, P. Rudge, and L. Cipolotti Cognitive and social impairments in patients with superficial siderosis Brain, May 1, 2005; 128(5): 1082 - 1092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. J. M. C. Palmen, H. van Engeland, P. R. Hof, and C. Schmitz Neuropathological findings in autism Brain, December 1, 2004; 127(12): 2572 - 2583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. C. Rojas, J. A. Smith, T. L. Benkers, S. L. Camou, M. L. Reite, and S. J. Rogers Hippocampus and Amygdala Volumes in Parents of Children With Autistic Disorder Am J Psychiatry, November 1, 2004; 161(11): 2038 - 2044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. R. Herbert Neuroimaging in Disorders of Social and Emotional Functioning: What Is the Question? J Child Neurol, October 1, 2004; 19(10): 772 - 784. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. M. Nagae-Poetscher, H. Jiang, S. Wakana, X. Golay, P. C. M. van Zijl, and S. Mori High-Resolution Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Brain Stem at 3 T AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., September 1, 2004; 25(8): 1325 - 1330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. D. Schmahmann Disorders of the Cerebellum: Ataxia, Dysmetria of Thought, and the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, August 1, 2004; 16(3): 367 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. M. Schumann, J. Hamstra, B. L. Goodlin-Jones, L. J. Lotspeich, H. Kwon, M. H. Buonocore, C. R. Lammers, A. L. Reiss, and D. G. Amaral The Amygdala Is Enlarged in Children But Not Adolescents with Autism; the Hippocampus Is Enlarged at All Ages J. Neurosci., July 14, 2004; 24(28): 6392 - 6401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S Baron-Cohen The cognitive neuroscience of autism J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, July 1, 2004; 75(7): 945 - 948. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. J. Glasson, C. Bower, B. Petterson, N. de Klerk, G. Chaney, and J. F. Hallmayer Perinatal Factors and the Development of Autism: A Population Study Arch Gen Psychiatry, June 1, 2004; 61(6): 618 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. S. L. Lai, D. Gerrelli, A. P. Monaco, S. E. Fisher, and A. J. Copp FOXP2 expression during brain development coincides with adult sites of pathology in a severe speech and language disorder Brain, November 1, 2003; 126(11): 2455 - 2462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. D. Good, K. Lawrence, N. S. Thomas, C. J. Price, J. Ashburner, K. J. Friston, R. S. J. Frackowiak, L. Oreland, and D. H. Skuse Dosage-sensitive X-linked locus influences the development of amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, and fear recognition in humans Brain, November 1, 2003; 126(11): 2431 - 2446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. N. Wood Social Cognition and the Prefrontal Cortex Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, June 1, 2003; 2(2): 97 - 114. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Y. Hardan, M. Kilpatrick, M. S. Keshavan, and N. J. Minshew Motor Performance and Anatomic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Basal Ganglia in Autism J Child Neurol, May 1, 2003; 18(5): 317 - 324. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. R. Herbert, D. A. Ziegler, C. K. Deutsch, L. M. O'Brien, N. Lange, A. Bakardjiev, J. Hodgson, K. T. Adrien, S. Steele, N. Makris, et al. Dissociations of cerebral cortex, subcortical and cerebral white matter volumes in autistic boys Brain, May 1, 2003; 126(5): 1182 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F J Serajee, H Zhong, R Nabi, and A H M M. Huq The metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 gene at 7q31: partial duplication and possible association with autism J. Med. Genet., April 1, 2003; 40(4): e42 - 42. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.D. Friedman, D.W. Shaw, A.A. Artru, T.L. Richards, J. Gardner, G. Dawson, S. Posse, and S.R. Dager Regional brain chemical alterations in young children with autism spectrum disorder Neurology, January 14, 2003; 60(1): 100 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. G. Chez, C. P. Buchanan, M. C. Aimonovitch, M. Becker, K. Schaefer, C. Black, and J. Komen Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of L-Carnosine Supplementation in Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorders J Child Neurol, November 1, 2002; 17(11): 833 - 837. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. G. M. Murphy, H. D. Critchley, N. Schmitz, G. McAlonan, T. van Amelsvoort, D. Robertson, E. Daly, A. Rowe, A. Russell, A. Simmons, et al. Asperger Syndrome: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study of Brain Arch Gen Psychiatry, October 1, 2002; 59(10): 885 - 891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. F. Sparks, S. D. Friedman, D. W. Shaw, E. H. Aylward, D. Echelard, A. A. Artru, K. R. Maravilla, J. N. Giedd, J. Munson, G. Dawson, et al. Brain structural abnormalities in young children with autism spectrum disorder Neurology, July 23, 2002; 59(2): 184 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. F. Casanova, D. P. Buxhoeveden, A. E. Switala, and E. Roy Neuronal Density and Architecture (Gray Level Index) in the Brains of Autistic Patients J Child Neurol, July 1, 2002; 17(7): 515 - 521. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. K. Sokol, D. W. Dunn, M. Edwards-Brown, and J. Feinberg Hydrogen Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Autism: Preliminary Evidence of Elevated Choline/Creatine Ratio J Child Neurol, April 1, 2002; 17(4): 245 - 249. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. F. Casanova, D. P. Buxhoeveden, A. E. Switala, and E. Roy Minicolumnar pathology in autism Neurology, February 12, 2002; 58(3): 428 - 432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. M. Weidenheim, L. Goodman, D. W. Dickson, C. Gillberg, M. Rastam, and I. Rapin Etiology and Pathophysiology of Autistic Behavior: Clues From Two Cases With an Unusual Variant of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy J Child Neurol, November 1, 2001; 16(11): 809 - 819. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Asano, D. C. Chugani, O. Muzik, M. Behen, J. Janisse, R. Rothermel, T. J. Mangner, P. K. Chakraborty, and H. T. Chugani Autism in tuberous sclerosis complex is related to both cortical and subcortical dysfunction Neurology, October 9, 2001; 57(7): 1269 - 1277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Saitoh, C. M. Karns, and E. Courchesne Development of the hippocampal formation from 2 to 42 years: MRI evidence of smaller area dentata in autism Brain, July 1, 2001; 124(7): 1317 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Asano, H. Kuivaniemi, A.H.M. Mahbubul Huq, G. Tromp, M. Behen, R. Rothermel, J. Herron, and D. C. Chugani A Study of Novel Polymorphisms in the Upstream Region of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor Type 2 Gene in Autism J Child Neurol, May 1, 2001; 16(5): 357 - 363. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. A. Halsey, S. L. Hyman, and the Conference Writing Panel Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Report From the New Challenges in Childhood Immunizations Conference Convened in Oak Brook, Illinois, June 12-13, 2000 Pediatrics, May 1, 2001; 107(5): 84e - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
F. A. Middleton and P. L. Strick Cerebellar Projections to the Prefrontal Cortex of the Primate J. Neurosci., January 15, 2001; 21(2): 700 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. Vanhala, U. Turpeinen, and R. Riikonen Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum in Rett Syndrome J Child Neurol, December 1, 2000; 15(12): 797 - 802. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. D. Critchley, E. M. Daly, E. T. Bullmore, S. C. R. Williams, T. Van Amelsvoort, D. M. Robertson, A. Rowe, M. Phillips, G. McAlonan, P. Howlin, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: Changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions Brain, November 1, 2000; 123(11): 2203 - 2212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. E. Kaufmann and H. W. Moser Dendritic Anomalies in Disorders Associated with Mental Retardation Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2000; 10(10): 981 - 991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Elia, R. Ferri, S. A. Musumeci, S. Panerai, M. Bottitta, and C. Scuderi Clinical Correlates of Brain Morphometric Features of Subjects With Low-Functioning Autistic Disorder J Child Neurol, August 1, 2000; 15(8): 504 - 508. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. B. Edelson and D. Cantor The neurotoxic etiology of the autistic spectrum disorders: a replication study Toxicology and Industrial Health, July 1, 2000; 16(6): 239 - 247. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. A. Carper and E. Courchesne Inverse correlation between frontal lobe and cerebellum sizes in children with autism Brain, April 1, 2000; 123(4): 836 - 844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. D. Lewine, R. Andrews, M. Chez, A.-A. Patil, O. Devinsky, M. Smith, A. Kanner, J. T. Davis, M. Funke, G. Jones, et al. Magnetoencephalographic Patterns of Epileptiform Activity in Children With Regressive Autism Spectrum Disorders Pediatrics, September 1, 1999; 104(3): 405 - 418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Townsend, E. Courchesne, J. Covington, M. Westerfield, N. S. Harris, P. Lyden, T. P. Lowry, and G. A. Press Spatial Attention Deficits in Patients with Acquired or Developmental Cerebellar Abnormality J. Neurosci., July 1, 1999; 19(13): 5632 - 5643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. A. O'Tuama, D. P. Dickstein, R. Neeper, and G. G. Gascon Topical Review: Functional Brain Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Childhood J Child Neurol, April 1, 1999; 14(4): 207 - 221. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. B. Edelson and D. S. Cantor Autism: Xenobiotic Influences Toxicology and Industrial Health, January 1, 1998; 14(4): 553 - 563. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Hashimoto, M. Tayama, M. Miyazaki, Y. Yoneda, T. Yoshimoto, M. Harada, H. Miyoshi, M. Tanouchi, and Y. Kuroda Differences in Brain Metabolites Between Patients With Autism and Mental Retardation as Detected by in Vivo Localized Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy J Child Neurol, February 1, 1997; 12(2): 91 - 96. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. H. Haas, J. Townsend, E. Courchesne, A. J. Lincoln, L. Schreibman, and R. Yeung-Courchesne Neurologic Abnormalities in Infantile Autism J Child Neurol, March 1, 1996; 11(2): 84 - 92. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. L. Ciaranello and R. D. Ciaranello The Neurobiology of Infantile Autism Neuroscientist, November 1, 1995; 1(6): 361 - 367. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Egaas, E. Courchesne, and O. Saitoh Reduced Size of Corpus Callosum in Autism Arch Neurol, August 1, 1995; 52(8): 794 - 801. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. T. Ciesielski, R. Yanofsky, R. N. Ludwig, D. E. Hill, B. L. Hart, R. S. Astur, and T. Snyder Hypoplasia of the Cerebellar Vermis and Cognitive Deficits in Survivors of Childhood Leukemia Arch Neurol, October 1, 1994; 51(10): 985 - 993. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. E. Kosofsky, A. S. Wilkins, P. Gressens, and P. Evrard Transplacental Cocaine Exposure: A Mouse Model Demonstrating Neuroanatomic and Behavioral Abnormalities J Child Neurol, July 1, 1994; 9(3): 234 - 241. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Schifter, J. M. Hoffman, H. P. Hatten JR, M. W. Hanson, R. E. Coleman, and G. R. DeLong Neuroimaging in Infantile Autism J Child Neurol, April 1, 1994; 9(2): 155 - 161. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Hashimoto, M. Tayama, M. Miyazaki, K. Murakawa, and Y. Kuroda Brainstem and Cerebellar Vermis Involvement in Autistic Children J Child Neurol, April 1, 1993; 8(2): 149 - 153. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Phelps and J.-A. Grabowski Autism: A Communique for the School Psychologist School Psychology International, November 1, 1991; 12(4): 299 - 314. [Abstract] |
||||
![]() |
M. Hsu, R. Yeung-Courchesne, E. Courchesne, and G. A. Press Absence of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence of Pontine Abnormality in Infantile Autism Arch Neurol, November 1, 1991; 48(11): 1160 - 1163. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. D. Schmahmann An Emerging Concept: The Cerebellar Contribution to Higher Function Arch Neurol, November 1, 1991; 48(11): 1178 - 1187. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Grandin Needs of High Functioning Teenagers and Adults with Autism (Tips From a Recovered Autistic) Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, April 1, 1990; 5(1): 1 - 16. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. W. Murakami, E. Courchesne, G. A. Press, R. Yeung-Courchesne, and J. R. Hesselink Reduced Cerebellar Hemisphere Size and Its Relationship to Vermal Hypoplasia in Autism Arch Neurol, June 1, 1989; 46(6): 689 - 694. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. A. Bonnet Learning Disabilities: A Neurobiological Perspective in Humans Remedial and Special Education, May 1, 1989; 10(3): 8 - 19. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
I. Rapin Disorders of Higher Cerebral Function in Preschool Children: First of Two Parts Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, October 1, 1988; 142(10): 1119 - 1124. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Horwitz, J. M. Rumsey, C. L. Grady, and S. I. Rapoport The Cerebral Metabolic Landscape in Autism: Intercorrelations of Regional Glucose Utilization Arch Neurol, July 1, 1988; 45(7): 749 - 755. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. R. Gaffney, L. Y. Tsai, S. Kuperman, and S. Minchin Cerebellar Structure in Autism Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, December 1, 1987; 141(12): 1330 - 1332. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Courchesne, J. R. Hesselink, T. L. Jernigan, and R. Yeung-Courchesne Abnormal Neuroanatomy in a Nonretarded Person With Autism: Unusual Findings With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Arch Neurol, March 1, 1987; 44(3): 335 - 341. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Creasey, J. M. Rumsey, M. Schwartz, R. Duara, J. L. Rapoport, and S. I. Rapoport Brain Morphometry in Autistic Men as Measured by Volumetric Computed Tomography Arch Neurol, July 1, 1986; 43(7): 669 - 672. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |